Therefore, it has been studied across the entire size range of animals, from the smallest mites to the largest elephants, and even beyond to extinct dinosaurs. The maximum running speed of legged animals is one evident factor for evolutionary selection-for predators and prey. Our experience could assist other countries seeking to verify their elimination status.
The indicators afford some flexibility but appear to provide appropriate rigor to judge achievement of measles elimination. This is the first documentation of the successful application of the WPR RVC guidelines. There is ongoing commitment by the Australian Government to increase immunization coverage, and the absence of sustained transmission of any single measles genotype was demonstrated. Laboratory and epidemiological surveillance were of high quality, with 85% of cases documented as imported/import-related (target 80%) coverage with the first dose of measles vaccine was close to 94% in 2008–2012 and second dose coverage increased to 91% in 2012 (target >95%). The criteria were addressed using national measles notifications, data from selected laboratories, the national childhood immunization register, and three national serosurveys (1998/1999, 2002, 2007).Īustralia met or exceeded all indicator targets with either national or sentinel data.
Difference between squirrel and chipmunk verification#
This article outlines Australia’s approach to addressing the guideline’s five lines of evidence, which led to formal verification of elimination by the WHO Regional Verification Commission (RVC) in March 2014. The World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region (WPR) Guidelines on verification of measles elimination were established in 2012. It was concluded that a number of factors, not just hibernating ability, account for the ground squirrel's superior hypoxic tolerance to that of the white rat. Generally, though not always, chipmunks were similar to the ground squirrels in these tests.
Squirrels tested in the hibernation season survived significantly longer than those tested out of this season. Survival times in 100% N 2 were significantly longer for ground squirrels than white rats, 128 ± 22.2 and 55.3 ± 14.0 sec, respectively. During a water avoidance test with increasing hypoxia, ground squirrels performed significantly longer than white rats, 31.3 ± 1.2 and 29.0 ± 1.8 min, respectively.
Maximum oxygen consumption during the running period was significantly higher for ground squirrels than white rats: 4.12 ± 0.62 vs 3.4 ± 0.24 ml O 2/g/hr, respectively. Squirrels ran 8.5 ± 6.1 (2 SE) min before requiring stimulation vs 2.1 ± 4.1 min for rats. During running trials in 13% oxygen, ground squirrels required fewer stimuli than white rats.
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